The Project Gutenberg eBook of A New Extinct Emydid Turtle from the Lower Pliocene of Oklahoma
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: A New Extinct Emydid Turtle from the Lower Pliocene of Oklahoma
Author: Edwin C. Galbreath
Release date: November 26, 2010 [eBook #34449]
Most recently updated: January 7, 2021
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW EXTINCT EMYDID TURTLE FROM THE LOWER PLIOCENE OF OKLAHOMA ***
[Pg 265]
A New Extinct Emydid Turtle from the Lower
Pliocene of Oklahoma
BY
EDWIN C. GALBREATH
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Volume 1, No. 16, pp. 265-280, plate 1
August 16, 1948
University of Kansas
LAWRENCE
1948
[Pg 266]
University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman; H. H. Lane, Edward H. Taylor
Volume 1, No. 16, pp. 265-280, plate 1
August 16, 1948
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1948
22-3340
[Pg 267]
[Pg 268]
Plate 1. Chrysemys limnodytes. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vert. Paleo.
Coll. No. 7676. Fig. A, dorsal view of carapace; fig. B, ventral view of plastron.
Both views approximately × .4.
[Pg 269]
A New Extinct Emydid Turtle from the Lower Pliocene
of Oklahoma
By
EDWIN C. GALBREATH
In the summer of 1946 a party from the University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History visited exposures of the Laverne formation
in Beaver County, Oklahoma, at the invitation of Dr. Stuart
Schoff of the United States Geological Survey. When examining
the marl beds an Emydid turtle was discovered which appears to
be an unnamed species of the genus Chrysemys. A description of
the new species follows.
Chrysemys limnodytes, new species
Holotype.—University of Kansas Museum of Natural History No. 7676,
vertebrate paleontological collection, a turtle consisting of a fragmental anterior
portion of a carapace, left part of the plastron, and several marginals
collected by the 1946 paleontological field party of the University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History.
Geological Age and locality.—Marl beds of the Laverne formation, early
Pliocene age, in SW 1/4 Sec. 15, T. 4 N., R. 25 ECM, Beaver County, Oklahoma.
The specimen was removed from the marl immediately below the fossil
leaf zone (see Chaney and Elias, 1936; Frye and Hibbard, 1940).
Diagnosis.—Size large (see measurements) and differing from other species
of Chrysemys in having: The anterior end of the carapace broadly concave,
the posterolateral marginals not greatly flared, the posterior end of the plastron
broadly indented, the carapace more sculptured and relatively wider.
Description of type.—The specimen had been badly damaged before preservation,
and had suffered further damage from exposure before discovery. The
anterior and posterior lobes of the plastron had been folded over the bridge,
forming a three-ply thickness of bone. Of the carapace, only the following
parts are known: Fragment of the nuchal; right 1st, 7th, 8th, and 9th marginals,
left 1st, 2d, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 11th marginals; costals 1-5 on the right
side; costals 1-4 on the left side; and 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th neurals. The left
half of the plastron is relatively complete, lacking only the epiplastron and
entoplastron. The left 7th, 8th, and 9th marginals are joined to the plastron
at the inguinal buttress, and the right 7th, 8th, and 9th marginals are attached
to the fifth costal. The carapace has smooth contours with no keel present,
but on the lower half of the costals there are seven or eight ridges, and the
remaining surface of the costals and neurals are rugose. The marginals lack
ridges, and the posterolateral marginals are not serrated. The anterior end of
the carapace has a broad shallow notch. The first neural is rounded, and the
2d, 3d, and 4th are hexagonal, with the broad ends forward. Anterior margins
of the 2d and 3d neurals are concave, and the anterior margin of the 4th neural
is straight.
[Pg 270]
The sulci bounding the scutes are moderately impressed. The width of the
first vertebral scute, anteriorly and posteriorly, is less than the width of the
second vertebral scute. The costal scutes join the marginal scutes on the
marginal plates.
The plastron, broadly indented at the posterior end, does not have the
posterior lobe flared laterally as it is in Recent species of Chrysemys, and lacks
any pronounced notch at the femoro-anal suture. The humero-pectoral sulcus
crosses the plastron behind the entoplastron in a straight line, and reaches the
border anterior to the axillary notch. The pectoro-abdominal suture is anteriorly
convex at the sides and concave at the midline.
A comparison of this carapace and plastron with a series of specimens of
Recent Chrysemys picta and Pseudemys scripta of approximately the same
size reveals characters indicated in the following chart:
[Pg 271]
| RECENT Chrysemys | Chrysemys limnodytes | RECENT Pseudemys |
|---|---|---|
| Not serrated. | Posterolateral marginals not serrated. | Serrated. |
| Not notched. | Carapace with broad shallow notch at anterior end. | Notched. |
| Occasional faint notch at femoro-anal suture. | Plastron does not havea pronounced notch at femoro-anal suture. | Distinct notch at femoro-anal suture. |
| Posterior lobe of plastron flares laterally. | Posterior lobe of plastron does not flare laterally. | Posterior lobe of plastron does not flare laterally. |
| Carapace smooth. | Carapace has smooth contours. | Carapace has depressions and elevations. |
| Old specimens occasionally have five or six ridges near border of costals. | Seven or eight ridges on lower half of costals. Remaining surface of costals and neurals rugose. | Ridges cover costals. |
| No ridges on marginals. | No ridges on marginals. | May or may not have ridges on marginals. |
| Nuchal smooth. | Nuchal smooth. | Nuchal has ridges. |
| Carapace not greatly arched. | Probably arched less than in Pseudemys, but more than in any Recent Chrysemys. | Greatly arched. |
| Keel often present at birth, but soon lost. | No keel present. | Keel often present. |
| Anterior and posterior widths of first vertebral scute approximately same as width of second vertebral scute. | Anterior and posterior widths of first vertebral scute less than width of second vertebral scute. | Anterior width of first vertebral scute less than posterior width, or both dimensions less than width of second vertebral scute. |
| Ribs do not tend to be prominent on costals. | Ribs not prominent on costals. | Ribs tend to be prominent on costals. |
[Pg 272]
Hay attached considerable taxonomic importance to the characters of the
nuchal and I find its characters to be fairly constant in the specimens of
Emydidae examined. Although the nuchal of Chrysemys limnodytes is incomplete,
it can be distinguished from the nuchals described by Hay as types
of his several fossil Emydids. Differences in the nuchal, together with those
in the carapace and plastron, serve to distinguish the species from other genera
of the Emydidae.
When the specimen is compared with Chrysemys timida Hay, of the Nebraska
Pleistocene, many similarities, mostly of generic rank, are seen.
Chrysemys limnodytes is broader in relation to length than is either C. timida
or any Recent specimen examined of the same size. The greatest allowance
possible in estimating the length of C. limnodytes fails to bring the ratio of
its breadth to length within the range of Recent specimens of similar size.
Data from 96 specimens of Recent Chrysemys picta show that the ratio of
length to width is not affected by sex, but that the ratio does vary with the
age of the specimen. In young animals the length and width are approximately
equal, but with further growth the length becomes relatively greater. Specimens
in the length group of 135 to 144 mm. have the widths ranging from 71
to 81 per cent of the lengths. In all specimens larger than this, the ratio is in
the low seventies, and the largest specimen, 177 mm. in length, has the width
of the carapace amounting to only 74 per cent of the length. The fossil species,
C. timida, with a length of 160 mm., has the width amounting to 75 per cent of
the length, and C. limnodytes, with an estimated length of 180 mm., has the
width amounting to 80.5 per cent of the length. C. timida is widest anteriorly,
whereas C. limnodytes and the other species of the genus are widest posteriorly.
Less obvious differences between the two fossils are the narrower anterior margin
of the nuchal, the concave anterior end of the carapace, the sculptured
surface of the carapace, and the relatively wider neurals and longer vertebrals
of C. limnodytes.
DIMENSIONS OF THE TYPE SPECIMEN
(In millimeters)
Total length of carapace, 180 (estimated); greatest width of carapace, 145
(estimated); height of carapace, more than 50.
Length of plastron, 165 (estimated); width of plastron, 130 (estimated);
length of anterior lobe, 45 (estimated); width of anterior lobe, 75 (estimated);
length of posterior lobe, 62; width of posterior lobe, 82; length of bridge from
axillary to inguinal notch, 60.
Plates of the Carapace and Plastron
Nuchal: Width of anterior margin, 12 (estimated); greatest width, 37 (estimated);
length at midline, 35 (estimated).
First neural: Greatest width, 13; length at midline, 17. Second neural:
Greatest width, 16; length at midline, 14. Third neural: Greatest width, 18;
length at midline, 16. Fourth neural: Greatest width, 18; length at midline,
16.
Costals: Thickness at proximal end, 3-5; thickness at distal end, 2. First
costal: Length of margin bordering nuchal, 23 (this and the following measurements
of the costal and marginal plates are of plates from the right side of the
animal except those indicated by an "L"); length of margin bordering neurals,
17; length of margin bordering marginals, 38; length of margin bordering 2d
costal, 51. Second costal: Length of margin bordering 1st costal, 53; length
[Pg 273]
of margin bordering neurals, 16; length of margin bordering marginals, 25;
length of margin bordering 3d costal, 56. Third costal: Length of margin
bordering 2d costal, 55 (L), 56; length of margin bordering neurals, 19; length
of margin bordering marginals, 18; length of margin bordering 4th costal, 58.
Fourth costal: Length of margin bordering 3d costal, 58; length of margin
bordering neurals, 16; length of margin bordering marginals, 22; length of
margin bordering 5th costal, 55. Fifth costal: Length of margin bordering
4th costal, 52; length of margin bordering neurals, 16; length of margin bordering
marginals, 20; length of margin bordering 6th costal, 41.
First marginal: Length of margin bordering nuchal, 23 (L), 21; length of
outer margin, 23 (L), 23; length of inner margin, 12 (L), 12; length of margin
bordering 2d marginal, 22 (L), 21. Second marginal: Length of margin bordering
1st marginal, 22 (L); length of outer margin, 22 (L); length of inner
margin, 15 (L); length of margin bordering 3d marginal, 16 (L). Seventh
marginal: Length of margin bordering 6th marginal, 18 (L), 17 (estimated);
length of outer margin, 25 (L), 23 (estimated); length of inner margin, 18 (L),
18; length of margin bordering 8th marginal, 22 (L), 22. Eighth marginal:
Length of margin bordering 7th marginal, 22 (L), 23; length of outer margin,
22 (estimate of L), 22; length of inner margin, 18 (L), 18; length of margin
bordering 9th marginal, 24 (estimate of L), 23. Ninth marginal: Length of
margin bordering 8th marginal, 24 (L); length of outer margin, 20 (L), 19;
length of inner margin, 19 (L); length of margin bordering 10th marginal,
23 (L), 23. Eleventh marginal: Length of margin bordering 10th marginal,
22 (L); length of outer margin, 16 (L); length of inner margin, 12 (L); length
of margin bordering pygal, 18 (L).
Entoplastron: Width, 24 (estimated).
Hyoplastron: Length of margin bordering epiplastron, 25; length of margin
on midline, 37; length from junction of epiplastronal border and outer border
to point on posterior border equidistant from midline, 53; width from midline
to axillary notch, 39; distance between axillary notch and posterior border, 31.
Hypoplastron: Length of margin bordering midline, 42; length of posterior
(xiphiplastronal) margin, 40; distance from junction of xiphiplastronal margin
and outer margin to point on anterior border equidistant from midline, 49
(estimated); distance between inguinal notch and anterior border, 29.
Xiphiplastron: Length of anterior (hypoplastronal) margin, 38; length of
margin along midline, 43; distance from extreme posterior extension of xiphiplastron
to midline, 14.
Scutes of Carapace and Plastron
First marginal scute: Length of margin bordering 2d marginal, 15 (L), 14;
length of anterior margin, 15 (L); length of posterior margin, 14 (L); length
of inner margin, 13 (L); length of outer margin, 23 (L). Third marginal
scute: Length of anterior margin, 14 (L). Eighth marginal scute: Length of
anterior margin, 15 (L), 15; length of posterior margin, 16 (estimate of L),
16; length of inner margin, 20 (L), 20; length of outer margin, 25 (estimate
of L), 25. Ninth marginal scute: Length of anterior margin, 17 (L), 16;
length of posterior margin, 17 (L), 17; length of inner margin, 18 (L), 20;
length of outer margin, 21 (L), 21. Tenth marginal scute: Length of anterior
margin, 17 (L), 17. Eleventh marginal scute: Length of posterior margin,
14 (L).
First costal scute: Length of margin bordering vertebrals, 45. Second costal
scute: Length of margin bordering vertebrals, 35 (L), 35; length of margin
bordering 3d costal scute, 52.
First vertebral scute: Length of anterior margin, 24 (estimated); greatest
width, 32 (estimated); length at midline, 35 (estimated). Second vertebral
scute: Length of anterior margin, 27; greatest width, 42; length at midline, 29.
Third vertebral scute: Length of anterior margin, 33; greatest width, 42;
length at midline, 40 (estimated).
Pectoral scute: Length of humero-pectoral sulcus from midline to outer
border, 38; length of margin of pectoral scute on midline, 18; distance between
[Pg 274]
junction of humero-pectoral sulcus and outer border and point on pectoro-abdominal
sulcus equidistant from midline, 19; distance from axillary notch to
point on pectoro-abdominal sulcus equidistant from midline, 17.
Abdominal scute: Length of margin of scute on midline, 43; width of
posterior border of abdominal scute from midline to inguinal notch, 41; distance
from inguinal notch to a point on pectoro-abdominal sulcus equidistant
from midline, 44.
Femoral scute: Length of border of scute on midline, 24; width of anterior
border of scute from midline to inguinal notch, 41; width of posterior border
of scute from midline to outer border (along sulcus), 40; length of outer margin
of scute from inguinal notch to femoro-anal sulcus, 46.
Anal scute: Length of margin at midline, 36; length of femoro-anal
sulcus, 40.
Remarks.—Noteworthy is the intermediate nature of C. limnodytes
when compared with species of the genera Chrysemys and
Pseudemys. However, any resemblance to Pseudemys is not to be
considered as evidence that C. limnodytes is in any way ancestral to
the genus Pseudemys. The fossil specimens of Pseudemys from the
Pliocene are too poorly known to allow the student certainly to
place them in their correct systematic positions. The fossil Emydids
from Western Europe, listed as species of Chrysemys, differ very
much from this species, or belong to other genera of the family.
Only a few turtles are known from the Laverne formation. Hesse
(Chaney and Elias, 1936) reported a small Testudo from the Laverne
of Beaver County, Oklahoma, but neglected to state whether
it was among the material borrowed by him from the University of
Kansas Museum of Natural History. The Museum has an incomplete
carapace and plastron (No. 3101) of a small Testudo from
that locality and formation. In Harper County, Oklahoma, the
field party from the University recovered a large number of fragments
of a large Testudo. Although this specimen is as yet unprepared,
enough fragments have been pieced together to reveal that
the tibia is 127 mm. long. This dimension and those of some of the
fragments indicate that the animal may have been four to five feet
long.
Mrs. Bernita Mansfield of the Geology Department, University of Kansas,
prepared the plate.
[Pg 275]
LITERATURE CITED
Bergounioux, Frederic-Marie.
1935. Contribution a l'étude paléontoligique des chéloniens: Chéloniens
fossiles du Bassin d'Aquitaine. Memoires de la Société géologique de
France, vol. 11, Mem. 25, pp. 1-215, 44 figs., 16 pls.
1937. Relations fauniques entre des chélonien fossiles de l'Espagne et de la
France. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 204, pp. 793-795.
1938. Chéloniens fossiles d'Espagne. Bulletin de la Societe d'histoire
Naturelle de Toulouse, vol. 72, pp. 257-288, 7 figs.
Chaney, R. W., and Elias, M. K.
1936. Late Tertiary Floras from the High Plains, with a Chapter on the
Lower Pliocene Vertebrate Fossils from the Ogallala Formation
(Lavern Zone) of Beaver County, Oklahoma, by Curtis J. Hesse.
Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash., No. 476, pp. 1-72, 11 figs., 7 pls.
Frye, J. C., and Hibbard, C. W.
1941. Pliocene and Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Meade
Basin, Southwestern Kansas. University of Kansas Publications, State
Geological Survey of Kansas, Bulletin 38, pp. 389-424, 3 figs., 4 pls.
Hay, O. P.
1908. The Fossil Turtles of North America. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash., No.
75, pp. i-iv, 1-568, 704 figs., 113 pls.
Transmitted March 1, 1948.
[Pg 276]
22-3340
Featured Books
I misteri del castello d'Udolfo, vol. 2 (Italian)
l motivodi una sì istantanea conclusione, in verun modosollecitata da Valancourt. Ed infatti, non c...
Read More
The Yellow Wallpaper
ing, and he says the samething.So I take phosphates or phosphites—whichever it is, and tonics, and...
Read More
The Sea Fairies
The ocean has always appealed to me asa veritable wonderland, and this story has been suggested to ...
Read More
The Master Key
not seem to their children likea fairy tale at all.Perhaps one, perhaps two—perhaps several of the...
Read More
Le Morte d'Arthur: Volume 1
er the sea. CHAPTER XII. How eleven kings gathered a great hostagainst King Arthur. CHAPTER XIII. Of...
Read More
Geographic Distribution of the Pocket Mouse, Perognathus fasciatus
ater, Cary (1911:61) described Perognathus fasciatus litusas a pale subspecies occurring in the lowe...
Read More
Cottontail Rabbits in Relation to Trees and Farm Crops
ons are the severalnative species of rabbits. These animals do considerable damage togarden truck an...
Read More
The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-Bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster
o Domingo"and Guichicovi in Chiapas, and Catemaco in Veracruz, to S. a.aureogaster, and other specim...
Read More
Comments on "A New Extinct Emydid Turtle from the Lower Pliocene of Oklahoma" :